The Morality Of Law, By Lon L. Fuller Essay - 2095 Words

The idea of human dignity has been remarked and articulated in a number of the jurisprudence works of the mid-twentieth American legal philosopher, Lon L. Fuller. The Morality of Law, for instance, provides a valuable snapshot of Fuller’s preliminary sense of what his idea on human dignity might entail. In the core of his argument of legal morality, Fuller proposes that any neglect of eight principles of legality, which constitutes the internal morality of law, is not just only render the rational ground to obey the law and destroy the trusteeship between lawgiver and subject, but it further condemns and humiliates the dignity of person or human being as a free and responsible agent, self-determining center of action, and that they possess inherent dignity. In other important text, Fuller explicitly announces that the value of human dignity, over other extra-legal values, that must embodied within the structure of legal order. After he offers a long discussion of human capac ity of action and communication under the forms of order, he writes: â€Å" there is, therefore, in an ordered system of law, formulated and administered conscientiously, a certain built-in respect for human dignity, and I think it is reasonable to suppose that this respect will tend to carry over into the substantive ends of law.† Thirdly, in his draft essay Means and Ends, which can be considered both as an introductory of Fuller’s eunmoics theory of social order and Fuller’s reflection on theShow MoreRelatedThe Argument Put Forth By Hart And Lon L. Fuller1526 Words   |  7 Pageshave to do with the law?† Is justice an inherent component within law or is it a moral judgement about law? In attempting to answer this question, we will examine the debate between H.L.A. Hart and Lon L. Fuller. The argument put forth by Hart focuses on law as it is; while Fuller’s response focuses largely on law as it should be. At its core, this debate concerns th e separability of law and morality, with Hart pushing a positivist narrative and Fuller promoting natural law. Both philosophers putRead MoreScenario Analysis857 Words   |  4 Pagesultimately, up to the person who is faced to make the choice between right and wrong. â€Å"Even if a man is answerable only to his conscience, he will answer more responsibly if he is compelled to articulate principles on which he acts.† stated by Lon L. Fuller (1975). We were given a few scenarios to apply this saying to and the following are my opinions that I have regarding them. The Drugs at a Friend’s House scenario is a constant issue to most officers. Many officers want to go out with theRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party889 Words   |  4 PagesNazi party would create laws that pretty much allowed them to kill eleven million people. While the anti-semitic laws and the laws against â€Å"undesirables† were horrible, they were still laws. The truth of the matter was that Hitler belonged to the Nazi party and it was a legitimate political party with a substantial following; and their laws were enacted legally. In this essay, I will explain how both Hart’s and Fuller’s theories play into why I believe that the Nazis had laws. It begins with Hart’sRead MoreThe Case Of The Speluncean Explorers1544 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The hypothetical case of the Speluncean Explorers, written by Lon Luvious Fuller, comprises of a robust statutory interpretation discussion between natural law and legal positivism. In the context of natural law, naturalist follows that there is an obligatory connection between morality and the law. To put it simply, there is a moral obligation to ascertain the legal cogency of the law. In this case, Foster J follows a natural law approach as he believes that the conviction of each of the defendantsRead MoreMorality Vs. Morality : Morality And Morality1729 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough law and morality are two separate issues it is evident that morality plays a crucial role in the law. Dr. Jà ¼rgen Habermas stated â€Å"law is internally related†¦ to morality† . The idea of law is not that it must be moral but that it provides a system to allow people to live together peacefully in a society. However, as much as it is debated, it is apparent that in order for human civilisation to work laws must generally be moral. Natural law is a theory that emphasises the role of morality in theRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Justice in Society1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Justice in Society One component of the definition of justice is the final outcome of the process of the law, whereby justice is distributed by the State. According to this definition, justice is the mechanical process of the structure of law – set in place and agreed to by the people of the State. Another definition is concerned with the value inherent in ‘just’ behavior. One distinction between these two definitions is the difference between an individual viewpoint and theRead MoreThe Case of the Speluncean Explorers1980 Words   |  8 PagesWhat determines whether an action undertaken by any agent is right or wrong? Lon L. Fullers 1949 article, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers, provides a situation whereby the ethical definitions of right action are evaluated. The ethical study of right action consists of two major moral theories being de-ontological (backward looking/origin) and teleological (forward looking/ends). Both also have religious and non-religious strands. The de -ontological theory consists of the divine-command theoryRead MoreNature, Function and Classification of Law2917 Words   |  12 PagesCLASSIFICATION OF LAW Objectives of the course:†¢ Enable the students to think in a more abstract or general fashion than is generally achieved in the study of specific areas of law and demonstrate the same in answering questions. †¢ Enable the student to develop the willingness to question and think independently and to find out more in the study of law. †¢ Discuss critically the definition of law †¢ Explain the various scholars position on their attempt to define the meaning of law †¢ Distinguish law from morality;

Communication Styles Between Men And Women Essay - 1528 Words

The communication styles differences between men and women have been a strong topic of interest in the research world for centuries. These differences have led to miscommunication, conflict, and even dissatisfaction between couples throughout the world. The study analyzes this communication styles within couples, more specifically among married couples. It has questioned how differences in communication styles between this married couples married five years or less affect marital satisfaction. This study will be conducted through the use of an interaction analysis. The goal is to increase the amount of knowledge regarding effective communication and how it is relate to marital satisfaction in order to ultimately aid the rise of marital satisfaction and the decrease of the divorce rate among the United States. Learning about the differences between communication styles among couple’s have had more successful sending and receiving of messages, both verbal and nonverbal. For example, a woman may communicate in a way that may have a meaning to her. However, a man receiving the message may interpret it totally differently than she intended due to their differences in their communication style. This can cause conflict between the couple and lead to further problems in the relationship. Nevertheless, if the man decoding the message were familiar with his woman’s style of communication, he may have interpreted it properly avoiding a conflict situation. Just as if,Show MoreRelatedCommunication Styles Between Men And Women1522 Words   |  7 Pageshealthy and happy marriage is critical. Unsuccessful communication plays a vital role in the failure of many marriages and relationships. Communication is key in all relationships and can lead to the success or failure of a marriage, dep ending on how the couple interacts. This effectiveness of communication is connected to the overall satisfaction of married couples. Learning more about the differences in communication styles between men and women will aid in the successful sending and receiving ofRead MoreDiscussing The Playing Field Of Gender And Communication1541 Words   |  7 PagesGender and Communication Eftagine Fevilien Miami Dade College Author Note Generalizations that can be valued when communicating across the gender line. Abstract Men and women practice enormously different identities and communication curriculums, even if they are raised by the same parents, well sophisticated in the same faculties, have the same career and live in similar state. The reason for that is because there are dissimilar rules of communication that are distinctive to each other. These instructionsRead MoreSex, Gender, And Communication1233 Words   |  5 Pagesand Communication in Small Groups† Throughout this course, a focus of study has been the discrepancies between how men and women communicate in a group. The article â€Å"Sex, Gender, and Communication in Small Groups† by Nina M. Reich and Julia T. Wood focuses on many of these differences, while also providing similarities between how both men and women communicate. To begin, Reich and Wood start by making the important distinction between sex and gender. Sex is the biological difference between theRead More Communication Between Men and Women in Thelma and Louise Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication Between Men and Women in Thelma and Louise Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In communication between men and women, the two genders always communicate differently. Traditionally men communicate facts directly and are less likely to discuss details that have little to do with the conversation. Women traditionally are more careful about what they say and seek to build relationships by the way they communicate. These two forms of communication, direct (traditional male) and indirect (traditionalRead MoreEssay on Women and Men in Leadership1424 Words   |  6 Pagesand thinking styles. Many historical events have occurred that have cleared the way to analyze these differences of men and women in the workplace. These gender differences are likely to exist in the way men and women influence, communicate, and lead. The male and female gender has always been viewed as two unique and different sets of people. It is perceived that males and females have different styles when it comes to leadership. First, we will look at the leadership styles of men. Males have beenRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Through many generations women were not treated equally as men. Women have fought their way to have gender equality but it has been slowly progressing. More women are starting to have high ranked jobs, more have been going into the workforce and don’t have to stay home all day long to take care of the kids. There are many differences between the gender roles (how women and men act or how they should be) when it comes to certain things. Like if you tell a girl, she hits like a boy or tellRead MoreGender And Interpersonal Styles, Negotiation And Conflict Management1457 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"How males and females differ: Gender differences in interpersonal styles, negotiation and conflict management.† Introduction Women are relationship-oriented, emotional and cooperative whereas men are assertive, demanding and self-assured. This is the widely held gender stereotype that some people hold around us. Whether men and women in fact communicate differently or behave differently in communication, there is clearly a perception that they might. It is important to address these perceptionsRead MoreThe Internet Is Arguably Gender Neutral1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Internet is arguably gender-neutral. Unlike in face to face communication, when given the freedom of neutrality, some are confrontational online, while others are more open, humorous and less judgmental. In my experience, I can speak my opinions easier online than in person. For instance, on Twitter, I could discuss the current political issues with my followers. The inherent ability that others can disagree with my thoughts or beliefs fosters reassurance and self-esteem. If my followers doRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Women And Men1713 Words   |  7 Pagesgender-free; however, in both cases, the leader is typically male. As women increasingly enter leadership roles that traditionally are occupied by men, the possibility that the leadership styles of women and men differ continues to attract attention. Whether these gender differences exist in the way in which they communicate, influence, or lead, men and women have always been viewed as different and unique sets of people. Women have faced challenges to leadership since the beginning of time. FemaleRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour Gender and Communication1557 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Communication Report TOPIC: Organisational Behaviour - Why men and women are sometimes frustrated with each other’s communication behaviours - armeskueken 02.02.2009 Every race, culture, civilization, and society on this planet shares two basic things in common: the presence of two genders, and the need to communicate between these two. The recent decades, media research has devoted a lot of time and attention to the communicational differences between male and female.

Sample-Formal-Lab Report Free Essays

TENS 2146 Electric Devices and Measurements Lab 3 Current and Voltage This report was prepared by: L. Wall Fall 2009 Prof. R. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample-Formal-Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alba-Flores Team Members: J. White, L. Wall Conducted on: September 17, 2009 Submitted on : September 24, 2009 Abstract: In this lab students experimented with light emitting diodes. The student built a basic circuit with two LED’s and resistors in parallel. The results showed that the voltage is the same in parallel. The items that were in series had the same current. The results also showed that the current from each branch could be summed up to equal the total current from the source. The experiment also helped the student to see the voltage drop across the diode was almost the same each time. This lab showed the effects of current and voltage in a parallel circuit. This experiment also showed how the brightness was effected by changing the voltage. Equipment and materials: †¢ Multimeter †¢ Power Supply †¢ Connecting wires †¢ A bread board †¢ A 330 ohm resistor †¢ A l k ohm resistor †¢ 2 Red LED’s Theory: A light-emitting diode (LED), is an electronic light source. The first LED was built in the 1925 by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. The LED was introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high brightness. [1] Figure 1. Basics Physics principle of an LED LED’s are semiconductors. They will only work if placed in the correct direction. Placing the LED in the improper direction could potentially damage it. The LED could also be damaged if it was not installed with the use of a resistor. They can not be connected directly to a power source. The anode is the positive end and the cathode is the negative end. LEDs are beneficial because they do not require much voltage to be illuminated. The LEDs are great for conservation of energy . When we subtract the LED voltage from the supply voltage it gives you the voltage that must be dropped by the dropping resistor. A decrease in voltage will result in a decrease of the brightness of the bulb [1]. Figure 2 shows the electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED. Figure 2. Electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED Ohms law is used to be able to calculate the current and the resistance across each of the elements in the circuit. To analyze the circuit It must be known that the voltage is the same in a parallel circuit. The current is the same in a series. The current through each branch can be added up in order to determine the current from the source. From Kirchhoff’s loop law it can be determined that the sum of all of the voltage drops around a closed loop must sum to equal zero. The objective of this lab was for the student to use their knowledge of items such as LED’s, series and parallel circuit configurations, Kirchhoff’s laws, and Ohm’s law in order to properly analyze and solve problems with given circuit. [1] Light Emitting Diodes, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode Procedure: First thing we did in the lab was to create the circuit. We created the circuit by using resistors with values of Rl = 330 ohms and R2 = l k ohms and also by placing the LEDs after the Resistors so there would be no damage done to the LEDs. This s shown in figure 3. The voltage supply was set at 8 Volts and then we tested the values for voltage and current. To measure voltage the meter has to be in Parallel with the circuit. Current is measured by placing the Multimeter in series with the circuit. In preparation for the experiment we built the circuit (shown below) using Multisim. We used simulations to get all the required measurements and used Ohm’s Law (E=I*R) to solve for the rest. In the lab we set up the same circuit by connecting the resistors and the LED’s in a parallel circuit to the power supply. Most of the connections were done using the breadboard. We measured current by placing the Multimeter in series with the entire circuit. We set the Multimeter to measure amperes and turned the power on. We continued this using the 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts (adjusted on the power supply) while noting the brightness of the LED’s and writing down the value given by the Multimeter. We then connected the Multimeter in parallel with each resistor and LED’s to measure voltage. We set the multimeter to volts then cycled through 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts on the power supply and noted the reading for each connection. We then used Ohm’s Law to calculate the current through as well as the resistance for each LED. We also calculated the entire current to see if it matched what we measured. Figure 3 Circuit built in the lab Sample Calculations: To calculate the current through each resistor-LED branch, Ohm’s Law (V = IR) was used. In this Lab the equation used was I Rl = VRl / R 1 Example: IRl = VRl / R1 = 5. 8 V / 3300 ? = 0. 0176 A To calculate the total resistance of each LED, Ohm’s Law was used. In this lab the equation RLED = V LED / ILED was used. Example: RLED = V LED / ILED = 2. 18 v /0 . 0175 mA = 124. 57 ? To calculate the total current that the power supply was providing to the two branches, the equation IE = IRl + IR2 was used. In this lab the equation that was given to use was ILEDl = IRl . Example: I LEDl + I LED2 = IE .0175 + . 0058 = . 0233 Simulation Results: Multisim was used to perform the simulations. Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 shown the results obtained in the simulations. Table 1 summarizes these results. Figure 4. Power supply= 8 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 5 . Power supply= 6 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 6. Power supply= 4 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 7. Power supply= 2 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Table 1. Comparison of Pre-Lab simulations and actual Lab data Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Conclusion: In conclusion when simulating the circuit in actuality or in Multisim; the LED voltage, current, and brightness are affected by the decreasing of the voltage supply. By decreasing the voltage supply the brightness of the LEDs also decrease in intensity. When determining the factors that are involved in the brightness of the LED we must look at the circuit and see if the resistors and the LEDs are connected properly. We must also look at the value of the current passing through the current. To determine the current through the LEDs Ohm’s Law was applied. To find the current we must first measure the voltage and the resistance, and then after finding those two values we divide the voltage by the resistance. Which Ohm’s Law is I (current) = V (voltage) / R (resistance). After finding the current in the LED it is seen that the current is almost equal to the resistor that is closes to that LED. I am in agreement with the measurement that was taken for the voltage supply of 8 volts, 6 volts, and 4 volts; but I disagree with the values for the voltage supply of 2 volts. The measurement collected in Multisim fo and the actual measurement value more that the other voltage supply ranges. When the LEDs were reversed the resistor and the LED current and their voltages changed to O or ‘r’ due to there was zero or no flow of current and voltage. The voltage is what supply energy to the components in the circuit. So decreasing the amount of voltage will decrease the amount of energy current, and the amount of current is what determines the intensity of the LED. The pre-lab seemed to simulate more accurate values than the results of the values in Table 1. Due to the fact that there is more human value in the actual measurements than the simulated ones; plus the actual values have been round and round again. The simulated and actual values are very close in value; but do to human error the values are not and can not be exactly the same. How to cite Sample-Formal-Lab Report, Essay examples

Knowledge Inquiry and Communication for Sports -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Inquiry and Communication for Animal Sports. Answer: Introduction Research into animal treatment reveals that animals are important for human activities such as sports and recreation or entertainment hence require medical considerations in drug administration(Hedeland, et al., 2016). The use of drugs in the pharmacological treatment of horses reveals shocking details of doping in animal products. Reports about products advertised as having medical solutions like blood building yet containing undeclared elements of cobalt provide proof of this allegation. Equestrian activities such as show jumping and horseracing face such controversies and experiments have proven this manipulation of animals for illicit performance(Murphy, et al., 2013). People find animal sports pleasurable and gather in multitudes just to watch such performances. However, there are concerns about a number of inhumane treatments on animals. Debates, initiatives and policy recommendations by the animal welfare groups advocate for standards that support proper training. Stakeholder involvements in regulating the sports ensure that the rule is effective in events, horse jumping, dressage movements and endurance training among others. Animals exhibit conflict behavior while in training, competition, and performance. As a result, they become restless, unpredictable, and uncontrollable. Different stimulus used in experiments indicate that standard procedures should apply when analyzing animal behavior and responses(Meijboom Ohl, 2015). Hedeland, et al (2016) identifies some of the illicit substances used on animals as discovered during drug testing. Among these is ionic cobalt, which is common in performance products. Purchased feeds contain mixed mineral elements, which contain supplements from farming producers. These may have questionable amounts of elements in extreme concentration. Injecting animals with elements is also a major risk factor that contributes to doping allegations and controversies about artificial manipulation of animals for performance. Research done on 200 horse urine samples reveals a high concentration of toxins in supplements(Hedeland, et al., 2016). The Institute of Biochemistry of the German Sports University Cologne (Germany) in conjunction with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute engaged the use of stimulating agents in products designed for animal sports. From the study, it is evident that the misuse of nickel is one way in which pharmacological stimulation in supraphysiological amounts becomes a risk to the animal especially those in the racing industry. The use of the substance to enhance aerobic activity in sports animal may be through an injection or supplements containing nickel. In the same line, Paine, Hincks, Fenwick, Ridd, Hillyer (2017) identify Cobalt as a critical micronutrient element required by adult horses for the synthesis of equine caecum, and colon. This nutritional component contins high doses of supraphysiological concentrates that need regulation during horse racing. Cobalt and vitamin B12 suppliments administered in high volumes. An analyis of the baseline concentration reveals that despite the fact that cobalt chloride is legitimate, its administartion becomes toxic when it accumulates in the plasma and urine content. This is an ethical research that supports animal welfare. Murphy, Jezierski, Jaworski, Kosinska, Gorecka-Bruzda (2015) analyze conflict behavior in animals to point out that it is resistance to handling, training or equipment. The study looks at the mental and physical difficulty experienced by animals in the equestrian sports. Citing the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) welfare codes, the analysis acknowledges the importance of using training that matches up to the physical strength of the horse. As a result, its findings point out that conflict behavior is propagated by an obstacle, movement or time lapse. Strategic selection of animals for different purposes prevents wastage and effective training encourages performance(Welfare, 2018). There is a need for sensitization to ethical issues and animal practices in order to prevent limitations. Forcing animals to extreme behavior or physiological activities is uncalled for or unexpected because it contradicts nature. Medical solutions to animal treatment should also take calculated a pproaches. Hotzel, Kanaan, Parsekian, Leme (2014) carry out research on 197 animals to note that 92% of the animals depended on commercial grain concentrates and that animals in equestrian establishments exercised less. This is a wake-up call on the need for natural solutions to animal performance. The use of horses in show jumping becomes controversial when there is artificial manipulation designed to force the horse into performance. Injecting with illicit supplements when the animal lacks movement inhibits natural motivation. In a study to find this out, horses were presented with two options of jumping over a short route and a longer one(Murphy, et al., 2013). In order to give an ultimate jump or performance, a horse or animal is subject to exposure to stimuli. Inquiry into the type of motivation offered to the animal reveals the use of different types of reinforcements. During competitions, horse managers induce stimulants for the arousal of stressed or weak horses. Although rider aids are effective in supporting the natural manipulation of animals, this should be under strict adherence to stipulated regulations. Questions about what animal abuse really is have sparked further debate on whether the use of animals in sports is ethically right. However, research agrees that animal sports is as essential as meat processing and contributes billions into the economic sector(Equine Veterinary Education, 2013). There are numerous strategies used for effective animal sports but not all are effective. Showjumping as the most popular among the equestrian sports calls for restraint when using reinforcement strategies. According to the Animal Welfare Science Ethics and Law Veterinary Association (AWSELVA), there are boundaries on what animals can and cannot handle(Equine Veterinary Education, 2013). Debates about the use of anabolic steroids on horses led to further discussions about whether it was right to use animals in sports or human pleasure. Animal abuse occurs when the animal health comes under threat. Such risks may occur during training, or in interaction with humans. Whipping, doping, and other actions inflict injury on the animal causing suffering. A cost-benefit analysis enables those handling the animals to make the proper judgment on what to avoid and what is reasonable. Professional codes cover animal treatment as well as medical procedures. Animal owners in the horse industry and veterinary services should beware of products, which stimulate the endogenous production of elements. Trace elements may contribute to the development of trace elements. Dealing with any suspicion of doping is essential especially when the determination of a threshold level. Animal welfare prohibits misuse of elements and gives guidance on the relevance of doping for control purposes. It also advises on proper handling of animals such as dressage and prevention of training errors. Conclusion Animal sports industry consists of multibillion-dollar establishments featuring animals secluded for recreational activities. Although this is a fully-fledged industry with economic benefits, unscrupulous dealers are using the industry for animal exploitation and selfish gain. The debate about the use of horses for entertainment and performance raises questions about the legality of using horse stimulants in performance enhancing products. Doping interferes with the natural functions and mental capacity of animals leading to adverse side effects. Abused substances could be food or medical supplements and injections administered on the animals without medical recommendations. Evidence shows that failure to justify the use of products high in cobalt causes doping hence the outbursts by welfare societies. Misinterpretation of horse responses in training often leads to misuse of such drugs, which later raises ethical questions about the price paid by animals in equestrian culture. As a r esult, it is advisable to adhere to stipulated control measures when administering health and feeding practices on such animals in order to avoid misuse and misconceptions. References Equine Veterinary Education. (2013). When does use become abuse in equestrian sport? Equine Vet Education, 25(10), 489-492. Retrieved April 3, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084374_543463374_KECJournalArticlenumberone-727%20(1).pdf Hedeland, M., Bondesson, U., Due, M., Schanzer, W., Piper, T., Krug, O., . . . Thelvis, M. (2016, January 30). Nickel in equine sports drug testing-pilot study results on urinar nickel concentrations. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 982-984. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084372_909873619_KECJournalArticlenumberthree.pdf Hotzel, M. J., Kanaan, V., Parsekian, H. A., Leme, P. D. (2014). Management, health, and abnormal behavors of horses: A surve in small equesterian centers in Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(3), 114-118. Meijboom, F., Ohl, F. (2015). Ethical issues associated with the use of animal experimentation in behavioral neuroscience research. Current Topics Behavioural Neuroscience, 19, 3-15. Murphy, J., Jezierski, T., Jaworski, Z., Kosinska, I., Gorecka-Bruzda, A. (2015). Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10, 137-146. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084377_980704330_KECJournalArticlenumberfour-97.pdf Murphy, J., JMurphy, J., Jezierski, T., Jaworski, Z., Jedrzejewska, E., Muszynska, A., . . . Gorecka-Bruzda, A. (2013). To Jump or not to jump? Strategies employed by leisure and sport horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8, 253-260. Retrieved April 3, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084371_1121766922_KECJournalArticlenumbertwo.pdf Paine, S. W., Hincks, P., Fenwick, S., Ridd, Z., Hillyer, L. L. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of inorganic cobalt and a vitamin B12 supplement in the thoroughbred horse: differentaiting cobalt abuse from supplementation. Equine Veterinary Journal , 343-349. Welfare, O. (2018). Animals used for work, sport, reccreation or display . Retrieved from One welfare: https://onewelfare.cve.edu.au/animals-used-for-work-sport-recreation-or-display

Youth Culture Essay Prompt and Discussion

Youth Culture Essay Prompt and Discussion Thats always better to learn by practice! Read the essay analysis below to clarify your understanding of good essay writing. Essay Example Culture is defined as a way of living that has been adopted by people depending on certain factors such as races and beliefs. Age is also a factor that determines the culture that has been adopted by the people in a certain age bracket. It has been noted that different age groups adopt different cultures which satisfy their lives and make them enjoy it to their fullest. When we focus on the youths, they are seen to have a different culture than all the other people (Steinberg, Parmar Richard, 2006). The reason for this is because they are still young and are trying to explore all the different aspects of life. Most of them do not really care about what is good or what is bad as long as it makes them happy. The youth’s culture differs from one city to another and the urban youth culture is different from the rural youth culture. France has its economy flailing and its politics are in the correct line. It has also been noted that the youth culture is catching up with that of the world so that the sleepy arrondissements that once existed in the north-eastern part of Paris, have been transformed by both social and economic forces making it more vibrant and with many activities going on. Other businesses such as clubs have also been established in this place and this has opened up room for the social activities by the youths. This has been an improvement from their previous way of doing things and the drastic change has been noted by many people (In Gullotta In Plant In Evans, 2014). The museum that exists in the middle of the town has also seen rapid changes as many activities have been invented and especially by the multinational corporations since some Parisians do not want to be associated with some places. A globalized youth culture exists in all towns including in Paris. The youths want to have some connection with those of their neighboring cities and also adopt some practices that are present in their cultures. The adopted practices are then incorporated in their daily activities adding up to their culture. The reason why they do this is in the efforts to create their own identity and become different from others in different cities. Essay Analysis Argument breakdown The argument of this essay appears to be â€Å"Different age groups adopt different cultures which satisfy their lives and make them enjoy it to their fullest.† In other words, happiness is achieved in different ways by age groups. The essay follows with two supporting paragraphs. The first paragraph opens with the topic sentence, â€Å"When we focus on the youths, they are seen to have a different culture than all the other people.† The topic sentence of the second paragraph looks to be â€Å"youth culture is catching up with that of the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The essay concludes with the idea youths adopt cultural traits from other cities to add to their own cultures. This helps them to form personal identities. Argument analysis The argument should focus on youth culture in Paris. Unfortunately, there is no clear thesis statement. The introduction indicates the essay will discuss how age affects the cultural habits a person adopts. However, it seems the essay actually discusses the concept that young adopt whatever cultural activities make them happy. In this case, the writer would need to support the essay with key ideas such as: The cultural traits young people are inclined to adopt Why youths, in particular, may choose those cultural traits to be happy The essay writer should also make the connection between race, gender, and existing beliefs of the youth in Paris since it is such a multicultural city. Since the main argument is not expressed clearly in the form of a thesis statement in the introduction, the essay lacks focus. Body paragraph 1 Argument The only idea in the paragraph is youth culture differs from other age groups in various locations. As this is simply a repetition of the idea of the introduction, it is a weak paragraph. There is no new information, and the writer does not offer support in the form of details, examples, facts, or statistics. Reasoning There is no clear reasoning in this paragraph because the writer has no clear topic to support the argument. Body paragraph 2 Argument The paragraph opens with the statement â€Å"France has its economy flailing and its politics are in the correct line.† The relevance of this information to the essay’s argument is not connected well the statement should take the form of supporting information later in the paragraph. The main idea of the paragraph is cultural traits in the city, in the form of social activities, have changed drastically. This is a valid idea to explore. Culture changes with time, and modern youth have individual tastes. However, religious, ethnic, and financial factors affect cultural norms as well. The writer should discuss the merger of existing cultural beliefs and new cultural trends, and how this contributes to their happiness. Reasoning The writer appears to have a relevant idea in mind but fails to use it to support the main argument of the essay. Ideas seem disjointed, and there is little cohesion in the paragraph. Analysis summary The essay suffers from a lack of clarity. There is no clear argument is the argument age affects cultural adoption? Or is it youths follow whatever culture makes them happy? We can edit essay by improving a  following standard academic essay structure

Born Again

Born Again Born Again: A Comparison of Two Tales of ?The Lady with the Pet Dog? by Anton Chekhov and Joyce Carol Oates While the topics of love lost and hope reborn are common themes in literature, Anton Chekhov and Joyce Carol Oates tell two unconventional tales of love lost, and then born again in their versions of ?The Lady with the Pet Dog?. Reaching across time, culture and two continents, Chekhov and Oates tell tales of hidden love that reach deep into the lives, fears and hopes of married men and women who struggle to reach beyond their unfulfilling and loveless marriages to find love, hope and acceptance from others.In Chekhov?s version, we read the story of Dmitry Gurov, a middle-aged married man who meets young Anna Sergeyevna, while both are vacationing alone in the 19th century Russian resort town of Yalta. Oates updates this tale with her version, telling the story of Anna and a man only identified as ?the stranger? who meet in modern-day Nantucket, Massachusetts.Joyce Carol Oates, 2006

Electronic Medical records Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electronic Medical records - Assignment Example The present study would focus on the electronic medical records are computerized records. They are introduced in the medical world to replace the tedious paper based records. Paper based mode of recording is the most used by many hospitals. Most medical practitioners find it cheap and easy to use this method. Regardless of the cost, paper based records, require a lot of storage space unlike computerized records that only take the space of a hard disk or any other storage device. Electronic media records can be easily located in case of reference according to HIMSS. This is quite not the case with paper-based records where a lot of room is required to store up the paper work. Trying to locate paper-based records is time consuming and at times results to inaccurate information or lack of it generally. Electronic Media Records are known to be cost effective, thus improving the quality of service, cost and general wellbeing of the patients in the long run. This eventually leads to a redu ction in the cost of hospitalization for patients and improves the overall safety of the patient. Betsy Johnson Regional Hospital’s aim behind the institution of the EMR was to improve efficiency in record keeping, operations and patient care. The successful implementation of a project depends largely on its planning and efficiency of the project team as noted by HIMSS. According to the General Manager of the hospital, it was important for the hospital to roll out a planning development strategy on the implementation of the Electronic Media Records. ... Resources for and Constraints to the Implementation of the EMR System Estimating the cost of a project is important if the same has to be successfully implemented according to Whitehead (2003). This was the greatest determinant as to whether the EMR system would be successfully implemented. The hospital organized its board members and come up with a reliable source of funds for the implementation of the EMR. Fortunately, the hospital had most of the required resources in terms of funds, skilled personnel, Internet connectivity, and a well networked set of computers. The main constraint was that the hospital needed better firewall software considering the need to protect personal and confidential records from illegal intrusion and hacking. The hospital also needed an effective EMR software. It was noted that for the effective functioning of the system, a more powerful server would be needed together with more powerful network devices. One main issue that relates to the application of the EMS in hospitals is privacy. Indeed the issue of patient privacy is as weight an issue as patient autonomy. Considering that the EMS makes part of patients’ records accessible to over 500,000 payers, care providers, insurance firms and other organizations, the project team working with the hospital’s management had to establish a privacy policy to be applied by the hospital in handling patient records. This would ensure that chances of privacy infringement were as much as possible minimized. Impact of the Technology According to the general manager of the hospital, the institution would expect a lower mortality rate due to cut down on medication errors with the implementation of the electronic media records system. The hospital also expected to save close to one

Corporate Finance Company Profile GE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Finance Company Profile GE - Essay Example Moreover, company also acquired Vital Signs, Inc. and Merrill Lynch Capital in the year 2008 in order to strengthen its business operations. In the early 2009, GE also acquired an Italian corporate bank. An overview of GE’s product line is stated below: Energy: Due to the high consumption and growth in the energy sector GE deals in various energy products in more than 120 countries which is quite beneficial for the company’s future return and growth. GE business technique is based on customer’s loyalty, commitment and trueness. GE knows the customer’s needs and evaluate it with the introduction of new products in their range. GE’s vision is to make life fun and easy for consumers. GE not only working in the US but also exploring the market globally and serves the customers with pride. GE’s business strategy is to take competitive advantage over other competitors not only in the US but also in the global world. In order to meet the customer need and pay full attention to the every individual customer with end to end solution GE trained their staff and engaging them with the new and rising technology .This trick helps GE to generate more resources and maximizing overall profit. The main rival of the GE is Siemens AG (ADR), United Technologies Corporation, and Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV (ADR). GE is working on heightened regulatory and market scrutiny of corporate governance practices in order to communicate and represent the organization in a manner that pleases the shareholders, utilizing resources in a new and evolving compliance environment. Management should be eyeing the macro factors like Government’s policies, competition and tax rates where they operate business because local, national or international jurisdictions and new or changing regulations might create hurdle in their way. Company’s strong point is that they have sharpened their focus on sales, service and customer orientation and are eagerly looking forward to

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business law - Assignment Example These financial crises led to privatization of banks in Iceland as well as the latter’s deregulation in the year 2000; following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the collapse of AIG. According to this film, corruption violated a number of rules of law. An example of a rule of law that was violated by corruption is misrepresentation. Misrepresentation refers to untrue statement of law or fact that induces a representee to sign a contract (Adamson 130). Representation occurs when the statement is made on the course of signing the contract, but if the statement turns out to be false, misrepresentation occurs. The three types of misrepresentation include negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, and innocent misrepresentation. The case of the financial service industry entering the contract with Iceland is classed under fraudulent misrepresentation. Some criteria must be satisfied in order to amount to an actionable misrepresentation; first, there must be existence of a false statement of law or facts rather than an estimate of a future event or an opinion. If the representer is in a position to know the facts, a statement of opinion may amount to actionable misrepresentation. Consequently, unless the representer did not intend to carry out the stated intent, a statement of a future intent cannot amount to an actionable misrepresentation. False statement of law and silence will not amount to actionable misrepresentation. After the verification of a false statement, it is vital for the representee to explain how the untrue statement induced/relied on him/her to enter a contract. Lack of awareness of the false statement by the representee can result to no reliance or inducement. Another element of misrepresentation is disclosure duty with an example of the case summary of Turner versus Green (1895). This element discourages the act of duty to disclose facts, which would affect the decisions of the other party, making him/her not to enter a

Great man and theory of leadership

Great man and theory of leadership   The main idea behind Great Man theory is that leaders cannot be made, for they are born leaders (Great Man Theory, Assumptions, n.d.). The supporters of the great man theory concentrated mainly on well known historical political and military leaders (Leadership Theories, The Great Man Theory,  ¶1). They also claimed that unexpected events, like for instance war, can also cause sudden rise of the leader, among which one could list Napoleon Bonaparte, George Washington, or even Adolf Hitler, who managed to gain support of the majority of the population. But even centuries earlier, humankind witnessed historical events used to support the concept of the great leader theory, like for instance Moses (Great Man Theory, Description, n.d), who was seen as the only one capable of freeing Israelites.   The leaders, who fall into the group of the great man, were perceived not only as heroic but also mythic, possessing specific traits (Leadership Theories, The Great Man Theory,  ¶2). On the other hand, because people posses different traits, it was impossible for the great man theory supporters to establish an universal model of the great man, characterized by common values and the same number of traits. Nevertheless, those who support Trait Theory believe that a set of universal traits of leaders can be established (Leadership Theories, Trait Theory,  ¶4), and people who make good leaders have the right ‘or sufficient combination of traits (Trait Leadership Theory, 12Manage, Assumptions of Trait Theory,  ¶3). Basically, if one can identify people to have the certain traits, the traits falling into the Trait Theory boundary, then leaders can be easily identified (Shead,  ¶1).   Clawthon (1996,  ¶5) writes that â€Å"fate or providence was a major determinant of the course of history, the contention that leaders are born, not made was widely accepted, not only by scholars, but by those attempting to influence the behavior of others†. According to him, the Great Man theory has been abounded due to the increased interest in the behavioral sciences, and to the claim that if not everyone, then many, can be trained to become leaders through enhancing their abilities, for â€Å"nurture is far more important than nature in determining who becomes a successful leader† (1996,  ¶6). One could say that one of the reason behind abounding The Great Man and Trait Theory was also the fact that instead to concentrate on effective leadership it looked into what possible could make a great leader. It fully focused on leader, omitting the importance of the followers (Leadership Theories, Weaknesses,  ¶1 ), who might look for a certain traits in their le aders and abound them if failed to find. Among those desired traits are honesty, inspiration, forward-looking, competency, and intelligence (Shead,  ¶6).

Roselily :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker’s â€Å"Roselily†, when first read considered why she decided to use third person. Especially when the story is in such a private line of thought, but then after my second time reading the story I decided that Roselily would not be a strong enough woman to speak about the social injustices that have happened to her. One key part of the story is her new life she will be facing after she is married in Chicago, while comparing it with her old life she is leaving in Mississippi. In Chicago she will no longer have a job, but instead be a homemaker where she will be responsible for the children and home. Also, in Chicago she will become a Muslim because it is what her new husband will want her to be, but back in Mississippi she was of the Christian faith. One of the more positive outcomes of her marriage is that she will go from extreme poverty, to not having to worry about money on a day to day basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, consider the text trying to express her frustration with life: â€Å"She wants to live for once. But doesn’t quite know what that means. Wonders if she has ever done it. If she ever will.† (1130) You can sense her need and wanting to be independent of everything and everyone, to be truly a woman on her own free of any shackles of burden that this life has thrown upon her. Also, there is an impression that her family does not really care that she is leaving from her sisters to her disinterested father. â€Å"Roselily†, the name is quite perplexing considering a rose stands for passion, love, life; while the lily has associations with death, and purity. Still at the same time the name aptly applies to her because the reader knows she is ultimately doomed to wilt away in a loveless marriage in Chicago. Even though she is convincing herself that she loves things about him it is all just a ploy to trick herself into believing that this marria ge could be the answer to all her problems. Now on to the men of Roselily’s past most of which are dead- beat dads that could not care about what happens to their children, or where they go.

Persuasive communication

Persuasive communication is at the heart of the selling process, and the sales presentation/demonstration is the critical center stage or Showtime† for salespeople. After asking the customer qualifying questions to uncover specific needs, the salesperson presents the products and services that will best satisfy those needs; highlights their features, advantages, and benefits; and stimulates desire for the offerings with a skillful demonstration. Prospects are primarily interested in the benefits being offered them.Product features and advantages are important only if hey can be tied directly to a specific benefit the prospect is seeking. For instance, pointing out a flat-screen monitor feature when demonstrating a new desktop computer does not mean much to a prospect unless the salesperson explains the related benefits of taking up less desk space, reducing eye strain, and increasing employee productivity. Success in this stage requires development of carefully tailored and pra cticed strategies, including a convincing product demonstration.It's been said that a picture Is worth a thousand words, and a demonstration Is worth a thousand pictures. One successful sales representative always carried a hammer ND a plate of his company's unbreakable glass with him to demonstrate Its strength. One day, Instead of hitting the glass with the hammer himself, he let the prospect do it. From then on, his sales soared as he continued letting customers swing the hammer. Salespeople should always try to get their prospects involved in demonstrating the product or â€Å"trying it out,† so they can gain confidence in using it.A dog-and-pony show, no matter how elaborate, seldom succeeds because prospects usually see its focus as selling the product instead of solving their problems. Salespeople who use skillful questioning and reactive listening while prospects scribe their needs can often adjust their sales presentation and demonstration on the fly to provide the b est customer solutions. Various sales presentation strategies are presented In Table 4. 6, but most professional BIB salespeople find the consultative professional strategy to be most effective, along with tactics that anticipate likely Interactions between buyer and seller.Like an actor or athlete, the salesperson needs to diligently practice the sales presentation with a sales associate or friend. Some salespeople enroll in sales presentation training programs offered by impasses like Empowerment Group (www. Empowerment's. Com/ presentation_training. HTML) as a way to further develop their proficiency (Figure 4. 3). Adaptive versus Canned Sales Presentations. Traditional salespeople tend to make relatively standard sales presentations that don't vary much from one prospect to another.Top-performing salespeople try instead to adapt each presentation to the particular prospect and selling situation. 16 Salespeople who modify their presentations according to specific prospect or cust omer needs and behaviors are more effective than those who do not. 7 This point may seem obvious, but only salespeople who are Inclined to adjust their sales presentation to the customer are likely to do so during the sales call-1 8 Successful salespeople regularly practice adapting their sales presentation to different customer feedback during the presentation.For example, if the purchasing manager for Hertz (womb. Hertz. Com) shows more interest in safety than in gas mileage, then an observant salesperson for General Motors (womb. GM. Com) can quickly adapt the sales presentation by emphasizing the safety benefits of GM cars. Although adaptive ailing is generally best, canned (or programmed) selling can be appropriate for some types of prospects, selling situations, and salespeople.In fact, the most effective sales presentations often blend the canned and adaptive approaches. 19 Many professional salespeople use programmed multimedia to present general information efficiently and effectively and to enliven their sales presentations. During the multimedia presentation, salespeople are able to closely observe the prospect's reaction and accordingly better adapt later stages of the sales presentation. To gauge how adaptive you are as a salesperson, take the test in Table 4. 7.

Questions on Platos Republic Essays

Questions on Platos Republic Essays Questions on Platos Republic Essay Questions on Platos Republic Essay Essay Topic: Questions The Republic Bearing in mind that a certain form of hierarchy has evolved into being in every sort of society known the man, the concept of the state is not something most people seem to criticize. The idea that a central body has control over a substantial amount of people because of its superiority in terms of education, intellect or experience, is however not enough to satisfy my questions. The problem with democracy is that everyone is given an equal vote, irrespective of whether or not they are a stakeholder or not, or have the intelligence or knowledge to make smart decisions. Within the status quo, we see democracy being upheld and held sacrosanct by almost everyone, but it too has its failures. If within a representative democracy the common man is assumed to be smart enough to elect the right candidate to rule the country, then the idea that the common man is not smart enough to make decisions for himself is completely ignored. If we are assumed to be of sound state of mind and with reasonable intelligence enough for us to select someone to rule us, then why are we not smart enough to know how to make decisions for ourselves, uphold peace, and do everything the state does on an individual level circumventing the entire process of the selection of the state? If the possibility of evil doers and criminals is acknowledged, and the idea of how the state and its legis lative and law enforcement bodies are the only ones capable enough to protect us from these individuals because these bodies are the only ones that can be trusted to make sound decisions comes into play, then the fact of the matter is it is that WE are the ones who have elected them in the first place. All of these statesmen have been at one point in time, a part of us. If the civilians are trusted to make sound decisions about their leaders, then I wonder why Donald Trump has won over Nevada, New Hampshire, and South Carolina. It is hence, extremely possible for democracy to resu

Essay on A Wagner Matinee Essays

Essay on A Wagner Matinee Essays Essay on A Wagner Matinee Essay Essay on A Wagner Matinee Essay Vicki Glenn ENG 232 Mr. O September 26, 2011 â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† It has been said that, Sacrificing your happiness for the happiness of the one you love is by far, the truest type of love. † However, walking away from everything that makes you happy in life, in order for another to be happy should not be required of love. Relationships should be built on mutual respect and consideration for one another. Although compromise in a relationship is a necessary component for its success, denying the core of who you are is not. Speaking from experience, in the end, there will be nothing but resentment and identity-conflict. â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† by Willa Cather relates to my life in many ways as it exposes the results of sacrificing one’s true self and the disturbing consequences of physical hardship, emotional distress, and regret. The story of Georgiana Carpenter was narrated by her nephew, Clark, and he relayed that his aunt was a highly educated music teacher living in Boston during the mid-1800s. Continuing on he said, â€Å"One summer, while visiting in the little village among the Green Mountains where her ancestors had dwelt for generations, she had kindled the callow fancy of my uncle, Howard Carpenter, then an idle, shiftless boy of twenty-one† (1784). When Georgiana returned to Boston, Howard followed her, and as a result of this infatuation, she eloped with him. Then against the advice and criticism of her friends and family, she followed him to the Nebraska frontier to take up a homestead since he had no money. Meanwhile, in the story of my life, I was a young student living in Norfolk, Virginia during the 1970s. One summer, while visiting relatives in a little village near the middle of nowhere, I too â€Å"kindled the callow fancy of an idle, shiftless boy. † However, when I returned home shiftless did not follow me; nevertheless, he called endlessly begging and pleading for me to return since he was no longer able to endure his life without me. Naturally, as a result of this infatuation I eloped with him. Then, against the advice and criticism of my friends and family, I followed him to his home, near the middle of nowhere to live with his parents since he had no money. Georgiana left Boston as well as her friends, family, and most importantly her beloved music to endure a life of hardship on the Nebraska frontier. Life on the frontier was nothing like her previous life in the city where her job was teaching music. She worked long hours cooking, cleaning, mending and caring for her children. Clark told how his aunt would often stand until midnight at her ironing board while he recited his lessons. Her duties also included caring for the animals, milking cows and hauling water from a lagoon. Years later, her nephew would notice the change in her physical appearance and most specifically in her hands, as he stated, â€Å"Poor hands! They had been stretched and twisted into mere tentacles to hold and lift and knead with- on one of them a thin, worn band that had once been a wedding ring† (1786). The author used this line to express that the years of hard work had taken a physical toll on he character. Because Georgiana had given up her job in the city and the music that she truly loved, in order to follow her husband, her life became one of extreme physical hardship. Of course I too left my home in the city, family and friends to endure a life of physical hardship in the middle of nowhere. Life at my in-laws home, in the middle of nowhere, was nothing like my previous life in the city where my only job was going to school and listening to music with my friends. When I lived in the city, if I wanted food, I went to the grocery store and bought it; however, I quickly learned that the garden and various living creatures would be my new source of nutrition. The garden was a lot of hard work planting, weeding, hoeing, and picking vegetables in the blistering hot sun. Next, came the washing, peeling, dicing, snapping or shucking until your fingers bled in order to freeze, can, or preserve the food for future use. The men were in charge of killing the various living creatures, but the women had to clean and prepare the meat. After that, I temporarily became a vegetarian, and I fell into bed each night exhausted from the day’s work and weak from lack of protein. Because I had given up my life in the city as a student, and my education in order to follow my husband, my life also became one of physical hardship. The isolated location on the frontier and all of her responsibilities prevented Georgiana from participating in the life to which she had been accustomed, with the symphonies, concerts and sweet melodies that occupied her very being. Clark remembered, â€Å"She taught me my scales on a little parlor organ which her husband had bought her after fifteen years during which she had not so much as seen a musical instrument† (1784). For someone whose very life was about music, fifteen years was a long time without hearing a note or seeing an instrument. Clark also recalled that once while h was playing a song, â€Å"She came up to me and, putting her hands over my eyes, gently drew my head back upon her shoulder, saying tremulously, â€Å"Don’t love it so well, Clark, or it may be taken from you† (1786). Using the word tremulously, the author conveyed that Georgiana felt turmoil, anguish, and emotional suffering over the loss of her heart’s desire. The isolated location in the middle of nowhere and numerous responsibilities hindered me from participating in the life to which I had been accustomed, with the schools, books, libraries, and reading which occupied my very being. In my new life, there was no time for books or reading, work and drudgery dominated my days. Conversely, my new husband was quite content hunting, fishing, and going out with the boys while I remained imprisoned at home with his mother. After a few months, I mentioned that I wanted to return to school in order to complete my education; however, shiftless was totally against the whole idea and wanted to hear no more on the subject. His mother completely agreed with him because it was her job to make sure that he always got everything that he wanted, and she was good at it. A few weeks later I happily discovered that I was expecting my first child. This development temporarily ended any thoughts I had previously entertained about escape from my miserable existence in the middle of nowhere. Even though I was happy about the baby, I was saddened over the loss of my heart’s desire, which was to finish my education. Many years later Georgiana returned to Boston on business and her nephew surprised her by taking her to a Symphony only to discover the regret which filled her soul. After witnessing her reaction to the music, Clark realized that it had broken a silence of thirty years for his aunt and tells that, â€Å"There came to me an overwhelming sense of the waste and wear we are so powerless to combat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1786). The author used these words to express that Georgiana was powerless, whether through love or obligation she choose to give up her passion in order to make a homestead with her husband on the frontier. Georgiana wept quietly and continuously throughout the concert, and when it was over she remained in her seat making no effort to leave. When Clark spoke to his aunt, she burst into tears and sobbed pleadingly, â€Å"I don’t want to go, Clark, I don’t want to go! † Georgiana realized how empty and void her life had been without her precious music. Clark understood her remorse as he remembered, â€Å"The tall naked house on the prairie; black and grim as a wooden fortress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1786). Thirty years of silence and longing while living in isolation had left Georgiana sobbing with the regret of all that she had missed. As for me, the years passed swiftly by while raising children, working, waiting, and praying for the shiftless boy to grow into a responsible man, and then one day realizing that he never would. Looking back at my life, I grew resentful of all the wasted time spent trying to please my husband and his family while in reality none of them ever cared if I was happy. I had tried so hard for years to satisfy everyone until I had somehow forgotten about myself. After many heated arguments we were divorced, and I was free to go on with my life. I continued to work and raise my children, and I was finally happy again. Living my life to please others had only led to misery and regret. As it turned out, Georgiana Carpenter and I had quite a lot in common. We both endured a life of physical hardship due to the fact that we both eloped with shiftless boys. We both suffered through years of mental anguish and emotional distress as a result of giving up our heart’s desires. Finally, we both realized that we regretted wasting the better part of our lives living solely for the benefit of another, and in the process lost our true selves. I am not sure what ever became of Georgiana after she stopped crying, the story does not tell us. Margaret Deland, an American novelist once said, â€Å"Self-sacrifice which denies common sense is not a virtue. Its a spiritual dissipation. † As for myself, when the crying was finished I enrolled in a few classes, and I started searching for my identity which had been lost somewhere along the way. Cather, Willa. A Wagner Matinee. Paul Lauter et al. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Boston, MA: Patricia A. Coryell, 2004. 1783-1787.

Questions and Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions and Answers - Assignment Example He was responsible for coming up with designs of his products and with his market experience; he produced exactly what the customers wanted. He was passionate about satisfying his customers, and this made the business grow very fast. He employed people to do the actual production, and he spent much time developing new designs. With plenty of time to develop new designs, the firm was able to come up with a variety of designs to satisfy the market. The appearance of his shop also contributed to the success of his business. He ensured that the room was decorated with his products. The decoration produced an ambiance that caught the eye of the customers. The employees dressing were a crucial factor in promoting purchases. The employees’ dressing was elegant, and they wore the jewelry that was sold in the shop. He also developed a section to sell accessories such as ties and umbrellas that were decorated in the business colors and hence drew more customers to the business. He had a desire to increase his sales and expand his market share. However, it was quite challenging since all markets were unique (Martincich Retrieved from http://protectedpdf.iese.edu/descargas/M-663-E-1101156.pdf). The attempt to export jewelry to Geneva proved to be very challenging. A former employee had started producing similar products and selling them without his consent. He had a lot of emphasis on having stalls selling his products only as an attempt to reduce the copying of his designs. He did not perform a deep market research in Geneva and hence had no insight on the market. After his failure in Geneva, he decided to engage a marketer who would sell his products in other countries. He hoped that a good marketer who understood the market would provide a good link to many customers in other countries. However, he remained rigid on maintaining the prestige and

Explication of a poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explication of a poem - Essay Example This is evident in the line â€Å"I’ve known rivers†. The line that says he â€Å"bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young† symbolizes that this struggle is as old as the civilization of Euphrates. River is not just the body of waters here but rather symbolic of the long and continuing struggle of the Negroes. Langston Hughes may have spoken about the river in the poem but this poem does not literally talked about the idyllic or the pastoral quietness of the river but rather the deep struggle that they have been. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers" is actually a political statement of a Negro of his struggle often beset by discrimination and injustice that had gone too long that it already ran deep like the river. The depth of the river or their struggle is not only long in terms of history beginning from the ancient time but also the pain that it can caused them. The setting of the poem was also carefully chosen. Why Euphrates and Congo, the Nile and the pyramids above it suggesting that it is Egypt? Why not California or better yet the South region of America where discrimination and oppression was notorious? It is because these are old civilizations where the Negro came from, indicating that he is capable of greatness as the Nile and the pyramids if only not on the bondage that was imposed on him by the white man. So much so that when the river went down to New Orleans, it became muddy indicating that the Negro was free as the river until it reached New Orleans where he is enslaved. The setting of the poem is more than geography, it is a representation of the objects of Langston Hughes topic that he would like to talk about. The poem is spoken by an old soul who had â€Å"bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young† and that he knew â€Å"Ancient, dusky rivers†. He is not just a regularly old person but an ancient sage

Democratisation and Reforms in Singapore and Malaysia Research Paper

Democratisation and Reforms in Singapore and Malaysia - Research Paper Example This paper therefore is to scrutinise and study the process of democratisation and reform in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore and Malaysia have an aspect of striking similarity which has shaped their process of democratisation. Both countries enjoy strong authoritarian stability because of the strong state apparatuses they possess. Some strong states such as Taiwan and South Korea had emerged before Malaysia and Singapore became authoritarian in the 1960s and would have been instrumental in helping stabilise national politics in Singapore and Malaysia to democratise. Slater observes that the drawback in this state of affair above is that the same state strength that props up stable transitions to democracy is the very force that enables authoritarian rulers and regimes to forestall democratisation and reforms. This is to mean that the chief reason for Singapore and Malaysia’s democratisation is the main reason democratisation and reforms may not transpire thereto. A case whic h underscores the need for Malaysia’s democratisation and reforms is epitomised by the move by the Malaysia’s Prime Minister, Najib Razak of singlehandedly picking a committee to review the country’s electoral system and the Internal Security Act. While the Prime Minister dishonestly explained such a move as a needful exercise in arresting lawlessness, the entire exercise was a response to the Arab Spring (Slater, 30). The need for Singapore and Malaysia to democratize and reform The need for Singapore and Malaysia to undergo democratisation and reforms is premised on the economic gains and developments that are taking place therein. In the case of Singapore, there has been the registration of rapid and gradual economic growth. For this cause, Singapore has come to be the second highest income earner in Asia, immediately after Japan. As a matter of fact, Singapore is being touted by scholars such as Beng-Haut as the largest non-democracy economy in world history . Because of this status, it is expected that Singapore should be setting the standard for democracy and reforms in the Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, much to the chagrin of many, this is not the case, yet the failure to democratise and reform will stunt economic accruals therein (Beng-Haut, 23). The need for Singapore to democratise is also underscored by the fact that Singapore’s political life and commitment to constitutionalism is doing very badly. According to Beng-Haut, with the exception of the Islamic Brunei sultanate, Singapore remains the only ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) member which is excluded from the list of countries that are democratising. The exclusion of Singapore from the ASEAN countries that are democratizing is serious, given that other pseudo-democracies such as Indonesia where institutions (such as the electoral commission) are still too weak to withstand the undue influence of the executive, were included in the list (Beng-Haut, 23). Conversely, Singapore has no recourse to democratise and reform, given that it still has strengths that can facilitate democratisation. Singapore parallels other authoritarian regimes by manifesting commitment to human rights and collective goals. Factors That Impede Democratization and Reforms in Singapore and Malaysia Setbacks that inhibit Singapore’s path to democratisation and reforms are: (a) tension between the presence and influence of

The Viking Age Essay Example for Free

The Viking Age Essay The aim of this essay is to critically describe daily life in Viking Ireland in either Dublin or Waterford. For the purpose of this essay I will concentrate on Dublin, as there is a substantial amount of archaeological evidence that was found and excavated by archaeologists. It has been widely recognised from extensive archaeology excavations that Fishamble Street and Winetavern Street as well as High Street were pivotal centres in which the Vikings took residence and went about their daily life (Hall 1990, 25). This essay will look at many different aspects of Viking daily life in Dublin, including their occupational activity, the types of houses they lived in, their burials and the type of objects they traded on a regular basis. This essay will firstly deal with the houses and types of dwellings that the Vikings of Dublin were accustomed to. The major excavations that took place between the years 1961 and 1981 in the areas of Wood Quay and Christchurch (Rosedahl 1982, 229-230). The excavations reveal to us that the normal everyday Viking dweller lived in houses that were mostly composed of wattle and daub (Rosedahl 1982, 230). Other characteristics of the type of house a Dublin Viking would live in was that the shape would always be rectangular accompanied by rounded corners and end walls (Clarke and Simms 1985, 126). The majority of the houses also had small cubicles at either end of the main house. The presence of animal bone shows us that the people of Dublin ate meat. There have been thirteen levels of preservation located on Wood Quay. This has been dated to 920 A. D These houses once they are no use; are knocked down immediately and a new house is built on top of the old one (Rosedahl 1982, 231). People of Viking Age Dublin were very skilled and well-crafted trades people. Many Dublin craftsmen were highly skilled in areas such as the manufacture of bone and antler combs (Clarke and Simms 1985, 134). The bone that was excavated is known to be of the red deer (Rosedahl 1982, 231). These Dublin craftsmen also worked with leather, wooden objects such as the manufacture of ploughs, bone whorls and needles and pins. Archaeological evidence has also shown that the crafts of ship building, bone carving, carpentry and iron manufacture have taken place (Rosedahl 1982, 231). The majority of Viking men would have spent their own daily life manufacturing these and this would have probably been their main source of income. These craftsmen worked with not only the one style, but with many different ones. The Vikings of Dublin also manufactured broad arm rings. This would have mainly taken place for the circulation and storage if timber (Larsen 2001, 57-59). To illustrate the importance of amber working in Viking Age Dublin an amber workshop has been excavated. A wide range of objects have been uncovered including beads, pendants and rings (Clarke and Simms 1984, 136). For the most part they were highly influenced from outside sources (Hall 1990, 26). However the archaeological evidence of Dublin shows us that it was the metalworkers that were possibly one of the most common and important tradesmen. Tongs and hammers that were manufactured by smiths have been found in numerous burials in Kilmainham and Islandbridge (Hall 1990, 58). Also at a site known as Granby Row there have been other metal objects uncovered such as rivets, an iron spearhead and sword. Also two swords, four spearheads, a shield boss and a copper alloy buckle that was thinned were excavated at the College Green site OFloinn 1998, 134-135). Including these trades occupying the daily lives of those in Viking Dublin, there were other activities that were also taking place. Extensive archaeological evidence has been uncovered to suggest that there was a lot of trade and gift exchange taking place as well (Clarke and Simms 1984, 135). Such items that show this include pieces of porphyry from the Italian capital, an exotic ring made of gold that has a red garnet that appears to be Frankish. Also a carved boss made of wood was uncovered, whose origins are from the northern province of Ireland (Clarke and Simms, 135). This archaeological evidence also proves to us that the Vikings lead a reasonable wealthy life or perhaps a very wealthy life, as trading precious objects took place on a regular ongoing basis. In relation to Viking graves and burial customs, there are two main cemeteries in Dublin. These are that of Kilmainham and Island Bridge. It is known that there are 43 furnished burials in all. However Kilmainham is the largest with 30 furnished burials in all. With the substantial amount of grave goods present in both sites it should be said that the Dublin Vikings thought very much of their dead (Larsen 2001, 67). Weapons such as swords, daggers and other inflicting weapons tend to dominate the female graves (Larsen 2001,68). Also for craft and domestic use tanged knives and a range of different buckles have been uncovered, that people used to keep their clothes on. However the most elaborate and decorative item found was that of the Kilmainham brooch (Larsen 2001, 72). It is widely thought that this item is definitely the single richest Viking Age grave good from an Irish context (Larsen 2001, 72). In conclusion this essay has discussed, analysed and described Viking daily life in Dublin. By using the appropriate archaeological evidence one can see how the Vikings of Dublin went about their routine on a daily basis. Also the main themes that this essay has included are that of the Vikings crafts that they done to make a living. This essay also looked at the type of houses, by taking into consideration their size and shape. When writing this essay I also looked at trade and the type of goods that the Dublin Vikings traded and treasured. Through excellent preservation of Viking graves at Islandbridge and Kilmainham this essay took a brief look at Viking graves and what their attitude was to what goods should be buried with males and females. Bibliography Hall, R. 1990. Viking Age Archaeology in Britain and Ireland. Princes Risborough. Larsen, Anne-Christine, 2001. The Vikings in Ireland Roskilde, The Viking Ship Museum. Rosedahl, E.1992. The Vikings. Harmondsworth. Wallace, P. 1985. The Archaeology of Viking Dublin. In H.B. Clarke A. Simms (eds) The Comparative History of Urban Origins in Non-Roman Europe.

Speech Recognition using Epochwise Back Propagation

Speech Recognition using Epochwise Back Propagation International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume *– No.*, ___________ 2013 Speech Recognition using the Epochwise Back Propagation through time Algorithm Neelima Rajput S.K.Verma Department of C.S.E. Department of C.S.E. GBPEC, Pauri Gharwal, GBPEC, Pauri Gharwal, Uttrakhand, India. Uttrakhand, India ABSTRACT In this paper, artificial neural networks are used to accomplish the English alphabet speech recognition. The challenging issue in the area of speech recognition is to design an accurate and effective speech recognition system. We implemented a new data classification method, where we use neural networks, which are trained using the calculated epoch values of audio signal. This method gave comparable result to the already implemented neural networks. In this paper, Back propagation neural network architecture used to recognize the time varying input data, and provides better accurate results for the English Alphabet speech recognition. The Epochwise Back Propagation through time (BPTT) algorithm uses the epoch values of input signal to train the network structures and yields the satisfactory results. Keywords Artificial Neural Network, Back Propagation Neural Network, Epoch, Speech Recognition. I INTRODUCTION Speech recognition system enables the machine to understand the human speech and react accordingly. It allows the machine to automatically understand the human spoken utterances with the speech signal processing and pattern recognition. In this approach is the machine converts the voice signal into the suitable text or command through the process of identification and understanding. Speech recognition is emerges as a vast technology in current time. It also plays an important role in information theory, acoustics, phonetics, linguistics, and pattern recognition theory and neurobiology disciplines. speech recognition technology become a key technology in the computer information processing technology as there is rapid advancement in the software, hardware and information technology. The features of input audio signal are compared with the voice template stored in the computer database in speech recognition system by using the computer systems. Recognition results are mainly depends up on the matching techniques used for matching the audio signal characteristics. To improve the recognition rate and better recognition results neural networks are used. A neural network is a powerful tool which used to adapt and represent the complicated input outputs. Neural nets are basically interconnected networks of relatively simple processing units, or nodes that work simultaneously. They are designed to mimic the function of human neuron biological networks. The processing units of neural networks are termed as neurons. A neural network provides better results over the existing approaches in speech recognition systems [1]. 2 BASICS OF NEURAL NETWORKS The basics of neural networks are discussed as follows. There are many different types of neural networks, but they all have four basic and common attributes: †¢ Processing units †¢ Connections †¢ Computing procedure †¢ Training procedure . Processing Units A neural network contains several processing units, which are roughly analogous to neurons in the human brain. All these units activate in parallel and perform the task simultaneously. Processing units are responsible for the overall computation; there is no any other unit for the corporation of their activity. Each processing unit computes a scalar function of all its local inputs at every moment of time and then further broadcast the result to their neighboring units [2]. The units in a neural network are basically classified into input units, which used to receive data from the outside; hidden units, used to internally transform the data; and output units, which serve decisions or target signals. 2.2 Connections All processing units in a neural network are organized in to a defined topology by a set of connections, or weights, shown as lines in a diagram. Each weight consist a real value, which ranging from ∞ to + ∞. The value of a weight represents how much impact a unit has on its neighbor units a positive weight causes one unit to excite another, while a negative weight causes one unit to inhibit another. Weights of the processing units are usually one-directional (from input units towards output units), but it may be two-directional sometimes, especially when there is no distinction between input and output units. Figure 1.Neural network topologies: (a) unstructured, (b) layered, (c) recurrent, (d) modular [3]. The above figure shows the topology of different neural networks. Unstructured Neural Network is mainly used in processor which is operated in parallel to provide the computational power for the speech recognition system. Layered neural net algorithms are self-organizing and their internal speech model maximizes the performance and produces better results comparable to existing systems. Recurrent Neural network are mainly used in pattern sequencing as it follows the sequences changes time to time. Modular neural network are used in designing of complex systems by using simple components. Neural nets offer an approach to computation that mimics biological nervous systems. Algorithms based on neural nets have been proposed to address speech recognition tasks which humans perform with little apparent effort. 2.3 Computation Procedure Computation of neural networks begins after applying an input data to the input units of the network. Then the activation function of all the units is calculated either simultaneously or independently depends upon the structure of the neural network. The computation process in the unstructured network is termed as spreading activation and in layered network is known as forward propagation as it proceed from the input units to the output units. First we compute the net input of the processing unit and then we compute the output activation function of the net input to update a given processing unit. 2.4 Training Procedure Training a network means enable the connections adaptive so that the network shows the actual computational behavior for all the input patterns. In training process usually weights are updated but sometimes the modification of network topology also takes place, i.e., addition and deletion of connections from the network topology [4]. Modification of weight is easy and beneficial than topology modification as a network with bulk connections able to set any of its weight zero, which is equivalent as deleting such weights. 3. RELATED WORK The past research concluded that the use of the neural networks in the speech recognition system provides the better recognition result compared to the other existing approaches. The latest study of neural networks actually started in the 19th century, when neurobiologists first introduce the extensive studies of the human nervous system [5]. Cajal (1892) determined that the nervous system is comprised of some basic units i.e. discrete neurons, which communicate with the other neurons by sending electrical signals down their long axons, which ultimately activated and touch the dendrites(receptive areas) of thousands of other neurons, transmitting the electrical signals through synapses (points of contact, with variable resistance). Firstly, the different kinds of neurons were identified, and then analyze their electrical responses, and finally their patterns of connectivity and the brain’sgross functional areas were mapped out. According to the neurobiologists study the functi onality of individual neurons are quite simple and easy. Whereas to determine how neurons worked together to achieve high level functionality, such as perception and cognition are very difficult.[6] In 1943 McCulloch and Pitts proposed the first enumeration model of a neuron, named as binary threshold unit, whose output was either 0 or 1 depending on whether its net input exceeded a given threshold. There are various approaches proposed by the researchers to design an accurate speech recognition system for various purposes. In [7] Al-Alaoui algorithm is used to train the neural network. This method gives the comparable better results to the already implemented hidden markov model (HMM) for the recognition of the words. This algorithm also overcomes the disadvantages of the HMM in the recognition of sentences. An algorithm based on neural network classifier [8] for speech recognition used a new Viterbi net architecture which is recognized the input patterns and provided an accuracy of recognition rate more than 99% on a large speech database. This system is used for isolated word recognizer. In [9] author accomplishes the isolated word speech recognition using the neural network. The methodology of this approach is to extract the feature of speech signals using the Digital Signal Processing techniques and then classification using the Artificial Neural Network. This algorithm concluded that the better accurate recognition results are obtained from the probalistic Neural Network PNN. In [10] author implemented a pre- trained deep neural network using the hidden markov model (DNN-HMM) hybrid architecture which is used to train the DNN to produce the better recognition results of large vocabulary speech database. 4. PROPOSED WORK Speech recognition using the Epochwise Back propagation through time algorithm is proposed in this paper.In the proposed system neural network training is based on the calculation of epoch of the audio signal and then used these epoch value for the training of the neural network. The input data sets used to train the neural network can be partitioned in to the independent epochs. Each epoch representing a temporal value of the input data. Back propagationneural network used in the system in following steps. First choose and fix the architecture for the network, which will contain input, hidden and output units, all of which will contain sigmoid functions. Assign the weights between all the nodes. The assignments of weights usually between -0.5 and 0.5. Each training example is used, one after another, to re-train the weights in the network. After calculating each epoch for input audio data, a termination condition is checked. In neural network architecture the weights of input and hidden layers are adjusted according to the target output values [11] The input data is considered as E which is propagated through the network so that we can record all the observed values Oi(E) for the output nodes Oi. At the same time, we record all the observed values hi(E) for the hidden nodes. Then, for each output unit Ok, we calculate its epoch as follows: (1) The epoch terms from the output units are used to calculate epoch terms for the hidden units. In fact, this method gets its name because we propagate this information backwards through the network [12]. For each hidden unit Hk, we calculate the epoch as follows: (2) Here, we take the epoch term for every output unit and multiply it by the weight from hidden unit Hk to the output unit. We then add all these together and multiply the sum by hk(E)*(1 hk(E)). Having calculated all the epoch values associated with each unit (hidden and output), we can now transfer this information into the weight changes Δij between units i and j. The calculation is as follows: for weights wij between input unit Ii and hidden unit Hj, and summation of all units are as: (3) Back Propagation Neural Network architecture is shown in below figure Fig.2 Back propagation Neural Network The main steps of this system are defined as follows. Read the input audio Signal. Extract the epoch values Train the neural network on the basis of epoch values. Applied the back propagation neural network for the classification. Matching the input data with the trained data. Recognized the input. The data flow diagram of the proposed system represented in given figure C Figure 2 Proposed approaches for Speech Recognition 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The experiment conducted on the audio database of English alphabets. Matlab R2010a (Math works) in Windows 7 was used to implement the proposed algorithm. The input signal is used to calculate the epoch values and then by using calculated epoch values the neural network is trained.The epoch rate of multi-layered networks over a training set could be calculated as the number of miss-classified data values. There are many output nodes, all of which could potentially misfire (e.g., giving a value close to 1 when it should have output 0 and vice-versa), we can be more sophisticated in our epoch evaluation. In practice the overall network epoch is calculated as: This is not as complicated as it first appears. The calculation simply involves working out the difference between the observed output for each output unit and the target output and squaring this to make sure it is positive, then adding up all these squared differences for each output unit and for each input signal. The calculated epoch values for audio signal A is listed in tabular form. Table: 1 Calculated Epoch values for input data Then epoch values are basically instant of significant excitation of the vocal-tract system during production of speech. Table 1 represented the Epoch values for the input English alphabet A in terms of time in mili seconds. These epoch values are stored in the computer for the further matching by using the neural networks to the recognition purpose. Similarly, epoch values are calculated for each input English alphabet and then train the network through these input patterns and stored in the system for recognition Figure 3 Performance graphs of epoch values. The figure 3 shows the performance of the system based on epoch values. The best validation performance epoch value is selected from the different epoch on the basis of Mean Square error. The graph is plotted on epoch and means squared error values. Table: 2 Performance of the proposed system In Table: 2 the recognition rate is calculated for five input English alphabet which is 98.8%. The new proposed Epochwise Back propagation through time algorithm yields the satisfactory results. 6. CONCLUSION In this paper, we implemented the Epochwise Back propagation through the time varying epoch calculation. The experiment is conducted on the small set of English Language alphabet to calculate the recognition rate of the system. Some different sound samples (i.e., with different sampling frequency) of each alphabet are taken and used for testing the system. The above results show the performance of our proposed algorithm in speech recognition. 7. REFERENCES Jianliang Meng, Junwei Zhang,Haoquan Zhao, â€Å"Overview of the speech Recognition Technology†, 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences. L. Fausset, Fundamentals of Neural Networks. PrenticeHall Inc., 1994, ch 4. Jiang Ming Hu, in the Yuan Baozong, Lin Biqin. Neural networks for speech recognition research and progress. Telecommunications Science, 1997, 13(7):1-6. H. Boulard and N. Morgan, â€Å"Continuous speech recognition by connectionist statistical methods,† IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 893–909, Nov. 1993. Mohamad Adnan Al-Alaoui, Lina Al-Kanj, Jimmy Azar, and Elias Yaacoub, â€Å"Speech recognition using Artificial Neural Network and Hidden Markov Model†, IEEE Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine Vol. 3, No.3, September 2008. RICHARD P. LIPPMANN, â€Å"Neural Network Classifiers for Speech Recognition† The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Volume 1, Number 1 (1988) Gulin Dede, Murat Husnu SazlÄ ±, â€Å"Speech recognition using artificial neural network.† Digital signal processing  © 2009 Elsevier Inc. George E. Dahl, Dong Yu, Li Deng, Alex Acero,† Context-Dependent Pre-Trained Deep Neural Networks for Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition† , IEEE Transaction on Audio, and Language Processing, Vol. 20, No.1, January 2012. H. Paugam-Moisy, ‘Parallel neural computing based on network duplicating’,in Parallel Algorithms for Digital Image Processing, Computer Vision and Neural Networks, ed., I. Pitas, 305–340, JohnWiley, (1993). Stefano Scanzio, Sandro Cumani, Roberto Gemello, Franco Mana, P. Laface, â€Å"Parallel implementation of Artificial Neural Network Training for Speech Recognition.† Pattern recogonition letters,  © 2010 Elsevier B.V. N. Morgan and H. Bourlard, â€Å"Continuous speech recognition using multilayer perceptrons with hidden Markov models,† in Proc. ICASSP,1990, pp. 413–416. Y. Hifny and S. Renals, â€Å"Speech recognition using augmented conditional random fields,† IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process., vol.17, no. 2, pp. 354–365, Feb. 2009.