The Morality Of Law, By Lon L. Fuller Essay - 2095 Words

The idea of human dignity has been remarked and articulated in a number of the jurisprudence works of the mid-twentieth American legal philosopher, Lon L. Fuller. The Morality of Law, for instance, provides a valuable snapshot of Fuller’s preliminary sense of what his idea on human dignity might entail. In the core of his argument of legal morality, Fuller proposes that any neglect of eight principles of legality, which constitutes the internal morality of law, is not just only render the rational ground to obey the law and destroy the trusteeship between lawgiver and subject, but it further condemns and humiliates the dignity of person or human being as a free and responsible agent, self-determining center of action, and that they possess inherent dignity. In other important text, Fuller explicitly announces that the value of human dignity, over other extra-legal values, that must embodied within the structure of legal order. After he offers a long discussion of human capac ity of action and communication under the forms of order, he writes: â€Å" there is, therefore, in an ordered system of law, formulated and administered conscientiously, a certain built-in respect for human dignity, and I think it is reasonable to suppose that this respect will tend to carry over into the substantive ends of law.† Thirdly, in his draft essay Means and Ends, which can be considered both as an introductory of Fuller’s eunmoics theory of social order and Fuller’s reflection on theShow MoreRelatedThe Argument Put Forth By Hart And Lon L. Fuller1526 Words   |  7 Pageshave to do with the law?† Is justice an inherent component within law or is it a moral judgement about law? In attempting to answer this question, we will examine the debate between H.L.A. Hart and Lon L. Fuller. The argument put forth by Hart focuses on law as it is; while Fuller’s response focuses largely on law as it should be. At its core, this debate concerns th e separability of law and morality, with Hart pushing a positivist narrative and Fuller promoting natural law. Both philosophers putRead MoreScenario Analysis857 Words   |  4 Pagesultimately, up to the person who is faced to make the choice between right and wrong. â€Å"Even if a man is answerable only to his conscience, he will answer more responsibly if he is compelled to articulate principles on which he acts.† stated by Lon L. Fuller (1975). We were given a few scenarios to apply this saying to and the following are my opinions that I have regarding them. The Drugs at a Friend’s House scenario is a constant issue to most officers. Many officers want to go out with theRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party889 Words   |  4 PagesNazi party would create laws that pretty much allowed them to kill eleven million people. While the anti-semitic laws and the laws against â€Å"undesirables† were horrible, they were still laws. The truth of the matter was that Hitler belonged to the Nazi party and it was a legitimate political party with a substantial following; and their laws were enacted legally. In this essay, I will explain how both Hart’s and Fuller’s theories play into why I believe that the Nazis had laws. It begins with Hart’sRead MoreThe Case Of The Speluncean Explorers1544 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The hypothetical case of the Speluncean Explorers, written by Lon Luvious Fuller, comprises of a robust statutory interpretation discussion between natural law and legal positivism. In the context of natural law, naturalist follows that there is an obligatory connection between morality and the law. To put it simply, there is a moral obligation to ascertain the legal cogency of the law. In this case, Foster J follows a natural law approach as he believes that the conviction of each of the defendantsRead MoreMorality Vs. Morality : Morality And Morality1729 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough law and morality are two separate issues it is evident that morality plays a crucial role in the law. Dr. Jà ¼rgen Habermas stated â€Å"law is internally related†¦ to morality† . The idea of law is not that it must be moral but that it provides a system to allow people to live together peacefully in a society. However, as much as it is debated, it is apparent that in order for human civilisation to work laws must generally be moral. Natural law is a theory that emphasises the role of morality in theRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Justice in Society1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Justice in Society One component of the definition of justice is the final outcome of the process of the law, whereby justice is distributed by the State. According to this definition, justice is the mechanical process of the structure of law – set in place and agreed to by the people of the State. Another definition is concerned with the value inherent in ‘just’ behavior. One distinction between these two definitions is the difference between an individual viewpoint and theRead MoreThe Case of the Speluncean Explorers1980 Words   |  8 PagesWhat determines whether an action undertaken by any agent is right or wrong? Lon L. Fullers 1949 article, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers, provides a situation whereby the ethical definitions of right action are evaluated. The ethical study of right action consists of two major moral theories being de-ontological (backward looking/origin) and teleological (forward looking/ends). Both also have religious and non-religious strands. The de -ontological theory consists of the divine-command theoryRead MoreNature, Function and Classification of Law2917 Words   |  12 PagesCLASSIFICATION OF LAW Objectives of the course:†¢ Enable the students to think in a more abstract or general fashion than is generally achieved in the study of specific areas of law and demonstrate the same in answering questions. †¢ Enable the student to develop the willingness to question and think independently and to find out more in the study of law. †¢ Discuss critically the definition of law †¢ Explain the various scholars position on their attempt to define the meaning of law †¢ Distinguish law from morality;

Communication Styles Between Men And Women Essay - 1528 Words

The communication styles differences between men and women have been a strong topic of interest in the research world for centuries. These differences have led to miscommunication, conflict, and even dissatisfaction between couples throughout the world. The study analyzes this communication styles within couples, more specifically among married couples. It has questioned how differences in communication styles between this married couples married five years or less affect marital satisfaction. This study will be conducted through the use of an interaction analysis. The goal is to increase the amount of knowledge regarding effective communication and how it is relate to marital satisfaction in order to ultimately aid the rise of marital satisfaction and the decrease of the divorce rate among the United States. Learning about the differences between communication styles among couple’s have had more successful sending and receiving of messages, both verbal and nonverbal. For example, a woman may communicate in a way that may have a meaning to her. However, a man receiving the message may interpret it totally differently than she intended due to their differences in their communication style. This can cause conflict between the couple and lead to further problems in the relationship. Nevertheless, if the man decoding the message were familiar with his woman’s style of communication, he may have interpreted it properly avoiding a conflict situation. Just as if,Show MoreRelatedCommunication Styles Between Men And Women1522 Words   |  7 Pageshealthy and happy marriage is critical. Unsuccessful communication plays a vital role in the failure of many marriages and relationships. Communication is key in all relationships and can lead to the success or failure of a marriage, dep ending on how the couple interacts. This effectiveness of communication is connected to the overall satisfaction of married couples. Learning more about the differences in communication styles between men and women will aid in the successful sending and receiving ofRead MoreDiscussing The Playing Field Of Gender And Communication1541 Words   |  7 PagesGender and Communication Eftagine Fevilien Miami Dade College Author Note Generalizations that can be valued when communicating across the gender line. Abstract Men and women practice enormously different identities and communication curriculums, even if they are raised by the same parents, well sophisticated in the same faculties, have the same career and live in similar state. The reason for that is because there are dissimilar rules of communication that are distinctive to each other. These instructionsRead MoreSex, Gender, And Communication1233 Words   |  5 Pagesand Communication in Small Groups† Throughout this course, a focus of study has been the discrepancies between how men and women communicate in a group. The article â€Å"Sex, Gender, and Communication in Small Groups† by Nina M. Reich and Julia T. Wood focuses on many of these differences, while also providing similarities between how both men and women communicate. To begin, Reich and Wood start by making the important distinction between sex and gender. Sex is the biological difference between theRead More Communication Between Men and Women in Thelma and Louise Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication Between Men and Women in Thelma and Louise Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In communication between men and women, the two genders always communicate differently. Traditionally men communicate facts directly and are less likely to discuss details that have little to do with the conversation. Women traditionally are more careful about what they say and seek to build relationships by the way they communicate. These two forms of communication, direct (traditional male) and indirect (traditionalRead MoreEssay on Women and Men in Leadership1424 Words   |  6 Pagesand thinking styles. Many historical events have occurred that have cleared the way to analyze these differences of men and women in the workplace. These gender differences are likely to exist in the way men and women influence, communicate, and lead. The male and female gender has always been viewed as two unique and different sets of people. It is perceived that males and females have different styles when it comes to leadership. First, we will look at the leadership styles of men. Males have beenRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Through many generations women were not treated equally as men. Women have fought their way to have gender equality but it has been slowly progressing. More women are starting to have high ranked jobs, more have been going into the workforce and don’t have to stay home all day long to take care of the kids. There are many differences between the gender roles (how women and men act or how they should be) when it comes to certain things. Like if you tell a girl, she hits like a boy or tellRead MoreGender And Interpersonal Styles, Negotiation And Conflict Management1457 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"How males and females differ: Gender differences in interpersonal styles, negotiation and conflict management.† Introduction Women are relationship-oriented, emotional and cooperative whereas men are assertive, demanding and self-assured. This is the widely held gender stereotype that some people hold around us. Whether men and women in fact communicate differently or behave differently in communication, there is clearly a perception that they might. It is important to address these perceptionsRead MoreThe Internet Is Arguably Gender Neutral1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Internet is arguably gender-neutral. Unlike in face to face communication, when given the freedom of neutrality, some are confrontational online, while others are more open, humorous and less judgmental. In my experience, I can speak my opinions easier online than in person. For instance, on Twitter, I could discuss the current political issues with my followers. The inherent ability that others can disagree with my thoughts or beliefs fosters reassurance and self-esteem. If my followers doRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Women And Men1713 Words   |  7 Pagesgender-free; however, in both cases, the leader is typically male. As women increasingly enter leadership roles that traditionally are occupied by men, the possibility that the leadership styles of women and men differ continues to attract attention. Whether these gender differences exist in the way in which they communicate, influence, or lead, men and women have always been viewed as different and unique sets of people. Women have faced challenges to leadership since the beginning of time. FemaleRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour Gender and Communication1557 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Communication Report TOPIC: Organisational Behaviour - Why men and women are sometimes frustrated with each other’s communication behaviours - armeskueken 02.02.2009 Every race, culture, civilization, and society on this planet shares two basic things in common: the presence of two genders, and the need to communicate between these two. The recent decades, media research has devoted a lot of time and attention to the communicational differences between male and female.

Sample-Formal-Lab Report Free Essays

TENS 2146 Electric Devices and Measurements Lab 3 Current and Voltage This report was prepared by: L. Wall Fall 2009 Prof. R. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample-Formal-Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alba-Flores Team Members: J. White, L. Wall Conducted on: September 17, 2009 Submitted on : September 24, 2009 Abstract: In this lab students experimented with light emitting diodes. The student built a basic circuit with two LED’s and resistors in parallel. The results showed that the voltage is the same in parallel. The items that were in series had the same current. The results also showed that the current from each branch could be summed up to equal the total current from the source. The experiment also helped the student to see the voltage drop across the diode was almost the same each time. This lab showed the effects of current and voltage in a parallel circuit. This experiment also showed how the brightness was effected by changing the voltage. Equipment and materials: †¢ Multimeter †¢ Power Supply †¢ Connecting wires †¢ A bread board †¢ A 330 ohm resistor †¢ A l k ohm resistor †¢ 2 Red LED’s Theory: A light-emitting diode (LED), is an electronic light source. The first LED was built in the 1925 by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. The LED was introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high brightness. [1] Figure 1. Basics Physics principle of an LED LED’s are semiconductors. They will only work if placed in the correct direction. Placing the LED in the improper direction could potentially damage it. The LED could also be damaged if it was not installed with the use of a resistor. They can not be connected directly to a power source. The anode is the positive end and the cathode is the negative end. LEDs are beneficial because they do not require much voltage to be illuminated. The LEDs are great for conservation of energy . When we subtract the LED voltage from the supply voltage it gives you the voltage that must be dropped by the dropping resistor. A decrease in voltage will result in a decrease of the brightness of the bulb [1]. Figure 2 shows the electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED. Figure 2. Electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED Ohms law is used to be able to calculate the current and the resistance across each of the elements in the circuit. To analyze the circuit It must be known that the voltage is the same in a parallel circuit. The current is the same in a series. The current through each branch can be added up in order to determine the current from the source. From Kirchhoff’s loop law it can be determined that the sum of all of the voltage drops around a closed loop must sum to equal zero. The objective of this lab was for the student to use their knowledge of items such as LED’s, series and parallel circuit configurations, Kirchhoff’s laws, and Ohm’s law in order to properly analyze and solve problems with given circuit. [1] Light Emitting Diodes, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode Procedure: First thing we did in the lab was to create the circuit. We created the circuit by using resistors with values of Rl = 330 ohms and R2 = l k ohms and also by placing the LEDs after the Resistors so there would be no damage done to the LEDs. This s shown in figure 3. The voltage supply was set at 8 Volts and then we tested the values for voltage and current. To measure voltage the meter has to be in Parallel with the circuit. Current is measured by placing the Multimeter in series with the circuit. In preparation for the experiment we built the circuit (shown below) using Multisim. We used simulations to get all the required measurements and used Ohm’s Law (E=I*R) to solve for the rest. In the lab we set up the same circuit by connecting the resistors and the LED’s in a parallel circuit to the power supply. Most of the connections were done using the breadboard. We measured current by placing the Multimeter in series with the entire circuit. We set the Multimeter to measure amperes and turned the power on. We continued this using the 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts (adjusted on the power supply) while noting the brightness of the LED’s and writing down the value given by the Multimeter. We then connected the Multimeter in parallel with each resistor and LED’s to measure voltage. We set the multimeter to volts then cycled through 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts on the power supply and noted the reading for each connection. We then used Ohm’s Law to calculate the current through as well as the resistance for each LED. We also calculated the entire current to see if it matched what we measured. Figure 3 Circuit built in the lab Sample Calculations: To calculate the current through each resistor-LED branch, Ohm’s Law (V = IR) was used. In this Lab the equation used was I Rl = VRl / R 1 Example: IRl = VRl / R1 = 5. 8 V / 3300 ? = 0. 0176 A To calculate the total resistance of each LED, Ohm’s Law was used. In this lab the equation RLED = V LED / ILED was used. Example: RLED = V LED / ILED = 2. 18 v /0 . 0175 mA = 124. 57 ? To calculate the total current that the power supply was providing to the two branches, the equation IE = IRl + IR2 was used. In this lab the equation that was given to use was ILEDl = IRl . Example: I LEDl + I LED2 = IE .0175 + . 0058 = . 0233 Simulation Results: Multisim was used to perform the simulations. Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 shown the results obtained in the simulations. Table 1 summarizes these results. Figure 4. Power supply= 8 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 5 . Power supply= 6 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 6. Power supply= 4 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 7. Power supply= 2 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Table 1. Comparison of Pre-Lab simulations and actual Lab data Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Conclusion: In conclusion when simulating the circuit in actuality or in Multisim; the LED voltage, current, and brightness are affected by the decreasing of the voltage supply. By decreasing the voltage supply the brightness of the LEDs also decrease in intensity. When determining the factors that are involved in the brightness of the LED we must look at the circuit and see if the resistors and the LEDs are connected properly. We must also look at the value of the current passing through the current. To determine the current through the LEDs Ohm’s Law was applied. To find the current we must first measure the voltage and the resistance, and then after finding those two values we divide the voltage by the resistance. Which Ohm’s Law is I (current) = V (voltage) / R (resistance). After finding the current in the LED it is seen that the current is almost equal to the resistor that is closes to that LED. I am in agreement with the measurement that was taken for the voltage supply of 8 volts, 6 volts, and 4 volts; but I disagree with the values for the voltage supply of 2 volts. The measurement collected in Multisim fo and the actual measurement value more that the other voltage supply ranges. When the LEDs were reversed the resistor and the LED current and their voltages changed to O or ‘r’ due to there was zero or no flow of current and voltage. The voltage is what supply energy to the components in the circuit. So decreasing the amount of voltage will decrease the amount of energy current, and the amount of current is what determines the intensity of the LED. The pre-lab seemed to simulate more accurate values than the results of the values in Table 1. Due to the fact that there is more human value in the actual measurements than the simulated ones; plus the actual values have been round and round again. The simulated and actual values are very close in value; but do to human error the values are not and can not be exactly the same. How to cite Sample-Formal-Lab Report, Essay examples

Knowledge Inquiry and Communication for Sports -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Inquiry and Communication for Animal Sports. Answer: Introduction Research into animal treatment reveals that animals are important for human activities such as sports and recreation or entertainment hence require medical considerations in drug administration(Hedeland, et al., 2016). The use of drugs in the pharmacological treatment of horses reveals shocking details of doping in animal products. Reports about products advertised as having medical solutions like blood building yet containing undeclared elements of cobalt provide proof of this allegation. Equestrian activities such as show jumping and horseracing face such controversies and experiments have proven this manipulation of animals for illicit performance(Murphy, et al., 2013). People find animal sports pleasurable and gather in multitudes just to watch such performances. However, there are concerns about a number of inhumane treatments on animals. Debates, initiatives and policy recommendations by the animal welfare groups advocate for standards that support proper training. Stakeholder involvements in regulating the sports ensure that the rule is effective in events, horse jumping, dressage movements and endurance training among others. Animals exhibit conflict behavior while in training, competition, and performance. As a result, they become restless, unpredictable, and uncontrollable. Different stimulus used in experiments indicate that standard procedures should apply when analyzing animal behavior and responses(Meijboom Ohl, 2015). Hedeland, et al (2016) identifies some of the illicit substances used on animals as discovered during drug testing. Among these is ionic cobalt, which is common in performance products. Purchased feeds contain mixed mineral elements, which contain supplements from farming producers. These may have questionable amounts of elements in extreme concentration. Injecting animals with elements is also a major risk factor that contributes to doping allegations and controversies about artificial manipulation of animals for performance. Research done on 200 horse urine samples reveals a high concentration of toxins in supplements(Hedeland, et al., 2016). The Institute of Biochemistry of the German Sports University Cologne (Germany) in conjunction with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute engaged the use of stimulating agents in products designed for animal sports. From the study, it is evident that the misuse of nickel is one way in which pharmacological stimulation in supraphysiological amounts becomes a risk to the animal especially those in the racing industry. The use of the substance to enhance aerobic activity in sports animal may be through an injection or supplements containing nickel. In the same line, Paine, Hincks, Fenwick, Ridd, Hillyer (2017) identify Cobalt as a critical micronutrient element required by adult horses for the synthesis of equine caecum, and colon. This nutritional component contins high doses of supraphysiological concentrates that need regulation during horse racing. Cobalt and vitamin B12 suppliments administered in high volumes. An analyis of the baseline concentration reveals that despite the fact that cobalt chloride is legitimate, its administartion becomes toxic when it accumulates in the plasma and urine content. This is an ethical research that supports animal welfare. Murphy, Jezierski, Jaworski, Kosinska, Gorecka-Bruzda (2015) analyze conflict behavior in animals to point out that it is resistance to handling, training or equipment. The study looks at the mental and physical difficulty experienced by animals in the equestrian sports. Citing the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) welfare codes, the analysis acknowledges the importance of using training that matches up to the physical strength of the horse. As a result, its findings point out that conflict behavior is propagated by an obstacle, movement or time lapse. Strategic selection of animals for different purposes prevents wastage and effective training encourages performance(Welfare, 2018). There is a need for sensitization to ethical issues and animal practices in order to prevent limitations. Forcing animals to extreme behavior or physiological activities is uncalled for or unexpected because it contradicts nature. Medical solutions to animal treatment should also take calculated a pproaches. Hotzel, Kanaan, Parsekian, Leme (2014) carry out research on 197 animals to note that 92% of the animals depended on commercial grain concentrates and that animals in equestrian establishments exercised less. This is a wake-up call on the need for natural solutions to animal performance. The use of horses in show jumping becomes controversial when there is artificial manipulation designed to force the horse into performance. Injecting with illicit supplements when the animal lacks movement inhibits natural motivation. In a study to find this out, horses were presented with two options of jumping over a short route and a longer one(Murphy, et al., 2013). In order to give an ultimate jump or performance, a horse or animal is subject to exposure to stimuli. Inquiry into the type of motivation offered to the animal reveals the use of different types of reinforcements. During competitions, horse managers induce stimulants for the arousal of stressed or weak horses. Although rider aids are effective in supporting the natural manipulation of animals, this should be under strict adherence to stipulated regulations. Questions about what animal abuse really is have sparked further debate on whether the use of animals in sports is ethically right. However, research agrees that animal sports is as essential as meat processing and contributes billions into the economic sector(Equine Veterinary Education, 2013). There are numerous strategies used for effective animal sports but not all are effective. Showjumping as the most popular among the equestrian sports calls for restraint when using reinforcement strategies. According to the Animal Welfare Science Ethics and Law Veterinary Association (AWSELVA), there are boundaries on what animals can and cannot handle(Equine Veterinary Education, 2013). Debates about the use of anabolic steroids on horses led to further discussions about whether it was right to use animals in sports or human pleasure. Animal abuse occurs when the animal health comes under threat. Such risks may occur during training, or in interaction with humans. Whipping, doping, and other actions inflict injury on the animal causing suffering. A cost-benefit analysis enables those handling the animals to make the proper judgment on what to avoid and what is reasonable. Professional codes cover animal treatment as well as medical procedures. Animal owners in the horse industry and veterinary services should beware of products, which stimulate the endogenous production of elements. Trace elements may contribute to the development of trace elements. Dealing with any suspicion of doping is essential especially when the determination of a threshold level. Animal welfare prohibits misuse of elements and gives guidance on the relevance of doping for control purposes. It also advises on proper handling of animals such as dressage and prevention of training errors. Conclusion Animal sports industry consists of multibillion-dollar establishments featuring animals secluded for recreational activities. Although this is a fully-fledged industry with economic benefits, unscrupulous dealers are using the industry for animal exploitation and selfish gain. The debate about the use of horses for entertainment and performance raises questions about the legality of using horse stimulants in performance enhancing products. Doping interferes with the natural functions and mental capacity of animals leading to adverse side effects. Abused substances could be food or medical supplements and injections administered on the animals without medical recommendations. Evidence shows that failure to justify the use of products high in cobalt causes doping hence the outbursts by welfare societies. Misinterpretation of horse responses in training often leads to misuse of such drugs, which later raises ethical questions about the price paid by animals in equestrian culture. As a r esult, it is advisable to adhere to stipulated control measures when administering health and feeding practices on such animals in order to avoid misuse and misconceptions. References Equine Veterinary Education. (2013). When does use become abuse in equestrian sport? Equine Vet Education, 25(10), 489-492. Retrieved April 3, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084374_543463374_KECJournalArticlenumberone-727%20(1).pdf Hedeland, M., Bondesson, U., Due, M., Schanzer, W., Piper, T., Krug, O., . . . Thelvis, M. (2016, January 30). Nickel in equine sports drug testing-pilot study results on urinar nickel concentrations. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 982-984. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084372_909873619_KECJournalArticlenumberthree.pdf Hotzel, M. J., Kanaan, V., Parsekian, H. A., Leme, P. D. (2014). Management, health, and abnormal behavors of horses: A surve in small equesterian centers in Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(3), 114-118. Meijboom, F., Ohl, F. (2015). Ethical issues associated with the use of animal experimentation in behavioral neuroscience research. Current Topics Behavioural Neuroscience, 19, 3-15. Murphy, J., Jezierski, T., Jaworski, Z., Kosinska, I., Gorecka-Bruzda, A. (2015). Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10, 137-146. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084377_980704330_KECJournalArticlenumberfour-97.pdf Murphy, J., JMurphy, J., Jezierski, T., Jaworski, Z., Jedrzejewska, E., Muszynska, A., . . . Gorecka-Bruzda, A. (2013). To Jump or not to jump? Strategies employed by leisure and sport horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8, 253-260. Retrieved April 3, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084371_1121766922_KECJournalArticlenumbertwo.pdf Paine, S. W., Hincks, P., Fenwick, S., Ridd, Z., Hillyer, L. L. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of inorganic cobalt and a vitamin B12 supplement in the thoroughbred horse: differentaiting cobalt abuse from supplementation. Equine Veterinary Journal , 343-349. Welfare, O. (2018). Animals used for work, sport, reccreation or display . Retrieved from One welfare: https://onewelfare.cve.edu.au/animals-used-for-work-sport-recreation-or-display